Effects of Photobiomodulation on Metabolic, Inflammatory, and Neurological Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Wevers et al., Int J Mol Sci, 2025. PMID 41516314
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About the research on this page. The studies cited here investigate photobiomodulation (PBM) as a therapeutic modality and the specific wavelengths used in PBM research — not Mito Red Light devices. The wavelengths in our panels were chosen because the peer-reviewed PBM literature supports them. Evidence levels and study counts reflect the broader research base, not studies of our products. See the full methodology note at the bottom of this page.
Metabolic research on light therapy is early. A 2025 meta-analysis of 11 randomized trials (569 people with obesity) found reductions in waist size, weight, BMI, C-reactive protein and insulin resistance, but no change in body fat percentage (Sun 2025). In type 2 diabetes, a 2025 systematic review found inconsistent, mostly short-term effects on blood sugar, inflammation and nerve function, with low certainty (Wevers 2025), and a 2026 review rated the glycemic evidence very low to low certainty (da Rocha 2026). In healthy adults, 15 minutes of 670 nm light before a glucose drink reduced the rise in blood sugar by 27.7% (Powner 2024).
For Hashimoto's thyroiditis, a 2026 review of 6 human studies found lower thyroid antibodies and lower thyroid hormone medication needs, but most studies also gave selenium or vitamin D, and sham-controlled trials are lacking (Berisha-Muharremi 2026).
Based on 196 indexed studies in this category, 50 of them in people. These studies test photobiomodulation in general, not Mito Red Light devices.
Number of studies in our database for each condition. Direction and certainty are shown only where a meta-analysis or systematic review reports them; otherwise the row says "not graded".
| Condition | Human randomized trials | All human studies | Direction of results | Certainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypothyroidism | 7 | 10 | Lower antibodies and medication needs Berisha-Muharremi 2026 (PMID 41977196) |
Limited; concurrent supplements |
| Glycemia | 2 | 5 | Not graded | Not graded |
| Microbiome | 0 | 3 | Not graded | Not graded |
The strongest human evidence: systematic reviews and meta-analyses first, then the newest randomized trials. Each card comes straight from our study database and links to the paper.
Wevers et al., Int J Mol Sci, 2025. PMID 41516314
Sun et al., BMC Complement Med Ther, 2025. PMID 40217252
da Rocha et al., Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg, 2026. PMID 41858223
Berisha-Muharremi & Humolli et al., Int J Mol Sci, 2026. PMID 41977196
Berisha-Muharremi et al., Biomedicines, 2025. PMID 40722630
Powner & Jeffery et al., J Biophotonics, 2024. PMID 38378043
Not every trial is positive. "No effect" means the main outcome did not differ from sham or control. "Mixed" means some outcomes improved but the outcome named here did not differ.
| Year | Study | Design | Result | Outcome with no difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | Cardio-metabolic health and sleep quality in adults at risk for Type 2 Diabetes using the Fos Biomedical Non-Transdermal Patch System via photo-biomodulation: A randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial | RCT, n = 39 | No effect | HbA1c (primary outcome) versus placebo; endothelial function was lower with the patch |
| 2025 | Effectiveness of photobiomodulation therapy in improving health indicators in obese patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs | Meta-analysis | Mixed | Waist-to-hip ratio, body fat percentage and insulin (waist and weight improved) |
The 25 most recent human studies in our database for this category.
A 2025 meta-analysis of 11 trials found modest reductions in waist size (about 7 cm), weight and BMI, but no change in body fat percentage (Sun 2025).
In a small study of healthy adults, 670 nm light reduced the blood sugar rise after a glucose drink by 27.7% (Powner 2024). In diabetes, effects have been inconsistent and the evidence is low certainty (Wevers 2025; da Rocha 2026).
Six human studies reported lower antibodies and medication needs, but most also used supplements and sham-controlled trials are needed (Berisha-Muharremi 2026).
All 196 studies in this category from our study database, built on the PBM Research Database by Vladimir Heiskanen.
Search every study across all categories: Open the Full Evidence Explorer →
The published research indexed and referenced on this page studies photobiomodulation (PBM) as a therapeutic modality and the specific wavelengths used in those studies — not Mito Red Light devices specifically. The wavelengths used across our panels were chosen because the peer-reviewed PBM literature supports them: this is where published evidence is deepest, where dosing parameters have been characterized in human studies, and where clinical guidelines (such as WALT for inflammation and pain) exist. Mito Red Light has not funded or conducted registered clinical trials on our specific devices, and the study counts referenced here reflect the broader PBM research base — not studies of our products.
Where review authors graded certainty (for example with GRADE), we report their grade; other ratings are Mito’s summary. Study counts reflect peer-reviewed photobiomodulation research drawn from major scientific literature databases, peer-reviewed journals, and other published research repositories. PBM response varies meaningfully by person, tissue, condition, dose, wavelength, and session timing; outcomes reported in the published literature may not be replicable for every user. Mito Red Light devices are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. If you have a medical condition or are under a physician’s care, please consult your healthcare provider before beginning any photobiomodulation regimen.