Effects of photobiomodulation therapy on upper limb lymphedema secondary to breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Qian et al., Front Oncol, 2026. PMID 41948502
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Browse the clinical studies and data behind photobiomodulation therapy.

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About the research on this page. The studies cited here investigate photobiomodulation (PBM) as a therapeutic modality and the specific wavelengths used in PBM research — not Mito Red Light devices. The wavelengths in our panels were chosen because the peer-reviewed PBM literature supports them. Evidence levels and study counts reflect the broader research base, not studies of our products. See the full methodology note at the bottom of this page.
For blood flow itself, the evidence is small. In healthy people, near-infrared light increased skin microcirculation by 27 to 54%, while red light did not, and only half of participants responded (Gavish 2020).
The strongest evidence on this page is for lymphedema after breast cancer, a problem of lymph rather than blood circulation, which is why it is included here. A 2026 meta-analysis of 9 randomized trials (312 participants) found reduced arm volume and circumference, better grip strength and less pain, with moderate certainty (Qian 2026). A 2023 analysis found better results with treatment three times a week, more than 15 sessions and treatment of the armpit area (Chiu 2023).
Other cardiovascular claims rest on thin evidence. For high blood pressure, a 2025 review of 4 trials found reductions in blood pressure and heart rate, but with very low certainty and high risk of bias (Bataglia Espósito 2025). In a randomized, triple-blind crossover trial of 22 healthy adults, light did not improve endothelial function compared with placebo (Hauck 2023).
Based on 344 indexed studies in this category, 97 of them in people. These studies test photobiomodulation in general, not Mito Red Light devices.
Number of studies in our database for each condition. Direction and certainty are shown only where a meta-analysis or systematic review reports them; otherwise the row says "not graded".
| Condition | Human randomized trials | All human studies | Direction of results | Certainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lymphedema | 12 | 22 | Less arm volume and circumference Qian 2026 (PMID 41948502) |
Moderate (GRADE) |
| Microcirculation | 4 | 12 | More skin blood flow with near-infrared; not with red Gavish 2020 (PMID 32064652) |
Not graded (no meta-analysis); see Gavish 2020 |
| Arterial restenosis | 4 | 10 | Not graded | Not graded |
| Hypertension | 2 | 6 | Possible blood pressure reduction Bataglia Espósito 2025 (PMID 41095798) |
Very low |
| Raynaud syndrome | 3 | 5 | Not graded | Not graded |
| Heart failure | 2 | 5 | Not graded | Not graded |
| Nitric oxide | 3 | 3 | Not graded | Not graded |
The strongest human evidence: systematic reviews and meta-analyses first, then the newest randomized trials. Each card comes straight from our study database and links to the paper.
Qian et al., Front Oncol, 2026. PMID 41948502
Chiu et al., Lasers Med Sci, 2023. PMID 38129368
Bataglia Espósito et al., J Clin Med, 2025. PMID 41095798
Hauck et al., Lasers Med Sci, 2023. PMID 37072603
Gavish et al., Lasers Surg Med, 2020. PMID 32064652
Not every trial is positive. "No effect" means the main outcome did not differ from sham or control. "Mixed" means some outcomes improved but the outcome named here did not differ.
The 25 most recent human studies in our database for this category.
Wavelengths reported in our database for the 46 human randomized trials in this category (16 wavelength entries; many database records lack a wavelength, and some trials report more than one). This describes the research; it is not a dosing recommendation.
| Wavelength band | Times used in trials |
|---|---|
| Red (600-699 nm) | 7 |
| Near-infrared (900-1200 nm) | 4 |
| Near-infrared (800-899 nm) | 3 |
| Blue/green (400-599 nm) | 1 |
| Deep red/near-infrared (700-799 nm) | 1 |
Most common wavelengths: 900-909 nm, 660-669 nm, 630-639 nm, 650-659 nm, 830-839 nm.
In healthy people, near-infrared light increased skin microcirculation by 27 to 54%, but red light did not, and only half of participants responded (Gavish 2020).
Yes, in 9 randomized trials it reduced arm volume and circumference and improved grip strength, with moderate certainty (Qian 2026).
Four small trials suggest it might, but the evidence is very low certainty (Bataglia Espósito 2025).
All 344 studies in this category from our study database, built on the PBM Research Database by Vladimir Heiskanen.
Search every study across all categories: Open the Full Evidence Explorer →
The published research indexed and referenced on this page studies photobiomodulation (PBM) as a therapeutic modality and the specific wavelengths used in those studies — not Mito Red Light devices specifically. The wavelengths used across our panels were chosen because the peer-reviewed PBM literature supports them: this is where published evidence is deepest, where dosing parameters have been characterized in human studies, and where clinical guidelines (such as WALT for inflammation and pain) exist. Mito Red Light has not funded or conducted registered clinical trials on our specific devices, and the study counts referenced here reflect the broader PBM research base — not studies of our products.
Where review authors graded certainty (for example with GRADE), we report their grade; other ratings are Mito’s summary. Study counts reflect peer-reviewed photobiomodulation research drawn from major scientific literature databases, peer-reviewed journals, and other published research repositories. PBM response varies meaningfully by person, tissue, condition, dose, wavelength, and session timing; outcomes reported in the published literature may not be replicable for every user. Mito Red Light devices are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. If you have a medical condition or are under a physician’s care, please consult your healthcare provider before beginning any photobiomodulation regimen.