Effectiveness of Photobiomodulation in Reducing Pain and Disability in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
Oliveira et al., Phys Ther, 2024. PMID 38775202
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About the research on this page. The studies cited here investigate photobiomodulation (PBM) as a therapeutic modality and the specific wavelengths used in PBM research — not Mito Red Light devices. The wavelengths in our panels were chosen because the peer-reviewed PBM literature supports them. Evidence levels and study counts reflect the broader research base, not studies of our products. See the full methodology note at the bottom of this page.
For knee osteoarthritis, light therapy reduces pain. A 2024 meta-analysis of 10 trials found less pain at rest than placebo, with very low certainty (Oliveira 2024), and a 2025 network meta-analysis of 32 trials (2,078 participants) ranked low-level laser first among physical treatments for knee pain and function (Lan 2025). In tendinopathy, light combined with exercise reduced pain and improved function more than sham plus exercise in 17 trials (Tripodi 2021). After fractures, light reduced pain at one week and improved grip strength at four weeks, without long-term or bone-healing benefits (Wang 2026).
Other joint results are mixed. In carpal tunnel syndrome, 13 trials found better hand function but no significant pain or grip-strength benefit (Lauxen 2025). In rheumatoid arthritis, 22 studies found better grip strength and less morning stiffness but no pain reduction (Salajegheh 2024). Most authors recommend light as an add-on to exercise and other proven care, not on its own.
Based on 952 indexed studies in this category, 241 of them in people. These studies test photobiomodulation in general, not Mito Red Light devices.
Number of studies in our database for each condition. Direction and certainty are shown only where a meta-analysis or systematic review reports them; otherwise the row says "not graded".
| Condition | Human randomized trials | All human studies | Direction of results | Certainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carpal tunnel syndrome | 27 | 38 | Better function; no significant pain benefit Lauxen 2025 (PMID 39776290) |
Not graded by authors |
| Osteoarthritis (knee) | 26 | 33 | Less knee pain versus placebo Oliveira 2024 (PMID 38775202); Lan 2025 (PMID 40192971) |
Very low (GRADE) |
| Tennis elbow | 19 | 30 | Not graded | Not graded |
| Osteoarthritis | 25 | 30 | Not graded | Not graded |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 12 | 21 | Less stiffness and better grip; no pain benefit Salajegheh 2024 (PMID 39574241) |
Not graded by authors |
| Achilles tendon | 10 | 13 | Not graded | Not graded |
| Fractures | 6 | 7 | Short-term pain relief; no bone healing benefit Wang 2026 (PMID 42080480) |
Not graded by authors |
| Bone | 0 | 6 | Not graded | Not graded |
| Osteoporosis | 2 | 5 | Not graded | Not graded |
| Osteoarthritis (hand) | 4 | 5 | Not graded | Not graded |
| Arthritis (juvenile) | 3 | 4 | Not graded | Not graded |
| Joints | 3 | 4 | Not graded | Not graded |
| Spinal disk herniation | 3 | 4 | Not graded | Not graded |
| Osteoarthritis (cervical) | 1 | 3 | Not graded | Not graded |
| Lumbar radiculopathy | 2 | 3 | Not graded | Not graded |
The strongest human evidence: systematic reviews and meta-analyses first, then the newest randomized trials. Each card comes straight from our study database and links to the paper.
Oliveira et al., Phys Ther, 2024. PMID 38775202
Lan et al., Aging Clin Exp Res, 2025. PMID 40192971
Lauxen et al., Lasers Med Sci, 2025. PMID 39776290
Tripodi et al., BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil, 2021. PMID 34391447
Salajegheh et al., Eur J Transl Myol, 2024. PMID 39574241
Wang et al., Ann Med, 2026. PMID 42080480
Not every trial is positive. "No effect" means the main outcome did not differ from sham or control. "Mixed" means some outcomes improved but the outcome named here did not differ.
| Year | Study | Design | Result | Outcome with no difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | Intraoperative Intramedullary Photobiomodulation Therapy for Consolidation of Atypical Femoral Fractures in Elderly Women: A Pilot Study | RCT, n = 11 | No effect | Healing, complications and function after surgery versus control |
| 2026 | Efficacy of laser acupuncture for patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | Meta-analysis | No effect | Pain and function in knee osteoarthritis (laser acupuncture) |
| 2025 | The effects of low-level laser therapy in extensor tendon injuries between zones 5 and 8 of the hand: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study | RCT, n = 55 | No effect | Rehabilitation outcomes after extensor tendon repair |
| 2026 | Effect of photobiomodulation on pain relief and functional improvement in fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Meta-analysis | Mixed | Pain and function at 4-26 weeks (grip strength improved) |
The 25 most recent human studies in our database for this category.
Wavelengths reported in our database for the 166 human randomized trials in this category (40 wavelength entries; many database records lack a wavelength, and some trials report more than one). This describes the research; it is not a dosing recommendation.
| Wavelength band | Times used in trials |
|---|---|
| Near-infrared (800-899 nm) | 15 |
| Red (600-699 nm) | 9 |
| Near-infrared (900-1200 nm) | 8 |
| Blue/green (400-599 nm) | 5 |
| Deep red/near-infrared (700-799 nm) | 3 |
Most common wavelengths: 630-639 nm, 1060-1069 nm, 780-789 nm, 800-809 nm, 480-489 nm.
It reduces knee pain in trials. A 2024 meta-analysis found less pain at rest than placebo (very low certainty) (Oliveira 2024), and a 2025 network meta-analysis ranked low-level laser first among physical treatments for knee pain (Lan 2025).
Combined with exercise, it reduced pain and improved function more than sham plus exercise in 17 trials (Tripodi 2021).
A 2025 meta-analysis of 13 trials found better hand function but no significant improvement in pain or grip strength (Lauxen 2025).
Not in current trials. After fractures, light reduced short-term pain but bone healing did not differ from placebo (Wang 2026).
All 952 studies in this category from our study database, built on the PBM Research Database by Vladimir Heiskanen.
Search every study across all categories: Open the Full Evidence Explorer →
The published research indexed and referenced on this page studies photobiomodulation (PBM) as a therapeutic modality and the specific wavelengths used in those studies — not Mito Red Light devices specifically. The wavelengths used across our panels were chosen because the peer-reviewed PBM literature supports them: this is where published evidence is deepest, where dosing parameters have been characterized in human studies, and where clinical guidelines (such as WALT for inflammation and pain) exist. Mito Red Light has not funded or conducted registered clinical trials on our specific devices, and the study counts referenced here reflect the broader PBM research base — not studies of our products.
Where review authors graded certainty (for example with GRADE), we report their grade; other ratings are Mito’s summary. Study counts reflect peer-reviewed photobiomodulation research drawn from major scientific literature databases, peer-reviewed journals, and other published research repositories. PBM response varies meaningfully by person, tissue, condition, dose, wavelength, and session timing; outcomes reported in the published literature may not be replicable for every user. Mito Red Light devices are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. If you have a medical condition or are under a physician’s care, please consult your healthcare provider before beginning any photobiomodulation regimen.