Photobiomodulation in chronic pain: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials
Ferreira et al., Front Integr Neurosci, 2026. PMID 41710353
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About the research on this page. The studies cited here investigate photobiomodulation (PBM) as a therapeutic modality and the specific wavelengths used in PBM research — not Mito Red Light devices. The wavelengths in our panels were chosen because the peer-reviewed PBM literature supports them. Evidence levels and study counts reflect the broader research base, not studies of our products. See the full methodology note at the bottom of this page.
Randomized trials show that low-level laser and LED therapy can reduce pain in several musculoskeletal conditions, with the strongest pooled evidence for neck pain and chronic tendinopathy. A Lancet meta-analysis of 16 trials (820 patients) found pain relief in both acute and chronic neck pain that lasted up to 22 weeks after treatment, with side effects no different from placebo (Chow 2009). A 2025 meta-analysis found more short-term pain relief than minimal intervention in chronic tendinopathy, with more sessions linked to more relief (Yap 2025). A 2026 review of 14 trials in chronic pain reported pain reduction in most trials, especially in fibromyalgia and neuropathy, with few side effects (Ferreira 2026).
Results are not uniform. In plantar fasciitis, a 2026 meta-analysis of 13 trials found less heel tenderness but no consistent improvement in overall pain or function (Ortiz-Romero 2026). For fibromyalgia, adding light to exercise showed no added benefit in a 2026 meta-analysis rated very low certainty (Macena 2026). In a 2025 network meta-analysis of 34 neck pain trials, low-level laser ranked below high-intensity laser, shockwave, interferential current and TENS (Hao 2025).
Based on 550 indexed studies in this category, 308 of them in people. These studies test photobiomodulation in general, not Mito Red Light devices.
Number of studies in our database for each condition. Direction and certainty are shown only where a meta-analysis or systematic review reports them; otherwise the row says "not graded".
| Condition | Human randomized trials | All human studies | Direction of results | Certainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Back pain | 41 | 54 | Not graded | Not graded |
| Shoulder | 30 | 37 | Not graded | Not graded |
| Myofascial | 25 | 34 | Not graded | Not graded |
| Fibromyalgia | 24 | 26 | No added benefit with exercise Macena 2026 (PMID 42643493) |
Very low (GRADE) |
| Heel pain | 14 | 21 | Less heel tenderness; no overall pain benefit Ortiz-Romero 2026 (PMID 41682989) |
Not graded by authors |
| Neck | 16 | 18 | Pain relief in acute and chronic neck pain Chow 2009 (PMID 19913903) |
Not graded by authors (16 RCTs, 820 patients) |
| Pain | 6 | 13 | Not graded | Not graded |
| Headache & Migraine | 6 | 11 | Not graded | Not graded |
| Trigeminal neuralgia | 8 | 10 | Not graded | Not graded |
| Multiple sites | 2 | 9 | Not graded | Not graded |
| Surgical | 7 | 7 | Not graded | Not graded |
| Musculoskeletal | 1 | 6 | Not graded | Not graded |
| Pelvic | 2 | 6 | Not graded | Not graded |
| Knee pain | 5 | 5 | Not graded | Not graded |
| Foot | 0 | 3 | Not graded | Not graded |
The strongest human evidence: systematic reviews and meta-analyses first, then the newest randomized trials. Each card comes straight from our study database and links to the paper.
Ferreira et al., Front Integr Neurosci, 2026. PMID 41710353
Hao et al., Eur Spine J, 2025. PMID 40244434
Chow et al., Lancet, 2009. PMID 19913903
Ortiz-Romero et al., J Clin Med, 2026. PMID 41682989
Macena et al., Br J Pain, 2026. PMID 42643493
Da Yap et al., J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil, 2025. PMID 40437920
Kate et al., Photomed Laser Surg, 2018. PMID 29583080
Not every trial is positive. "No effect" means the main outcome did not differ from sham or control. "Mixed" means some outcomes improved but the outcome named here did not differ.
| Year | Study | Design | Result | Outcome with no difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | Efficacy of photobiomodulation associated with exercise in patients with fibromyalgia: A systematic review and meta-analysis | Meta-analysis | No effect | Pain, function and quality of life when added to exercise (fibromyalgia) |
| 2026 | Effect of photobiomodulation on trapezius myofascial pain: a randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind clinical trial | RCT, n = 52 | No effect | Pain (primary outcome) versus placebo; neck function improved |
| 2026 | Efficacy of low-level laser therapy for subacromial impingement syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | Meta-analysis | Mixed | Shoulder functional disability (pain and range of motion improved) |
The 25 most recent human studies in our database for this category.
Wavelengths reported in our database for the 214 human randomized trials in this category (92 wavelength entries; many database records lack a wavelength, and some trials report more than one). This describes the research; it is not a dosing recommendation.
| Wavelength band | Times used in trials |
|---|---|
| Near-infrared (800-899 nm) | 33 |
| Red (600-699 nm) | 29 |
| Near-infrared (900-1200 nm) | 17 |
| Deep red/near-infrared (700-799 nm) | 7 |
| Blue/green (400-599 nm) | 6 |
Most common wavelengths: 660-669 nm, 800-809 nm, 980-989 nm, 650-659 nm, 850-859 nm.
For some conditions. Meta-analyses of randomized trials found pain relief for neck pain (Chow 2009) and chronic tendinopathy (Yap 2025). Results for plantar fasciitis and fibromyalgia are mixed or null (Ortiz-Romero 2026; Macena 2026).
Neck pain has the longest track record: 16 trials pooled in the Lancet showed relief in acute and chronic neck pain (Chow 2009). Chronic tendinopathy is next, with 15 trials pooled in 2025 (Yap 2025).
A 2026 review of 14 chronic pain trials reported pain reduction in fibromyalgia (Ferreira 2026), but a 2026 meta-analysis found no added benefit when light was combined with exercise, at very low certainty (Macena 2026).
In the neck pain trials, side effects were mild and no different from placebo (Chow 2009). A 2026 review of chronic pain trials also reported a low rate of adverse events (Ferreira 2026).
All 550 studies in this category from our study database, built on the PBM Research Database by Vladimir Heiskanen.
Search every study across all categories: Open the Full Evidence Explorer →
The published research indexed and referenced on this page studies photobiomodulation (PBM) as a therapeutic modality and the specific wavelengths used in those studies — not Mito Red Light devices specifically. The wavelengths used across our panels were chosen because the peer-reviewed PBM literature supports them: this is where published evidence is deepest, where dosing parameters have been characterized in human studies, and where clinical guidelines (such as WALT for inflammation and pain) exist. Mito Red Light has not funded or conducted registered clinical trials on our specific devices, and the study counts referenced here reflect the broader PBM research base — not studies of our products.
Where review authors graded certainty (for example with GRADE), we report their grade; other ratings are Mito’s summary. Study counts reflect peer-reviewed photobiomodulation research drawn from major scientific literature databases, peer-reviewed journals, and other published research repositories. PBM response varies meaningfully by person, tissue, condition, dose, wavelength, and session timing; outcomes reported in the published literature may not be replicable for every user. Mito Red Light devices are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. If you have a medical condition or are under a physician’s care, please consult your healthcare provider before beginning any photobiomodulation regimen.